2-Methylene-(20E)-20(22)-Dehydro-19-Nor-Vitamin D Analogs

ABSTRACT

This invention discloses 2-methylene-(20E)-20(22)-dehydro-19-nor-vitamin D analogs, and specifically 2-methylene-(20E)-20(22)-dehydro-19-nor-1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D 3 , and pharmaceutical uses therefor. This compound exhibits relatively high transcription activity as well as pronounced activity in arresting the proliferation of undifferentiated cells and inducing their differentiation to the monocyte thus evidencing use as an anti-cancer agent and for the treatment of skin diseases such as psoriasis as well as skin conditions such as wrinkles, slack skin, dry skin and insufficient sebum secretion. This compound also shows lower activity in vivo on bone calcium mobilization and similar in vivo intestinal calcium transport activity compared to the native hormone 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D 3 , and therefore may be used to treat autoimmune disorders or inflammatory diseases in humans as well as renal osteodystrophy. This compound may also be used for the treatment or prevention of obesity.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

This invention relates to vitamin D compounds, and more particularly to 2-methylene-(20E)-20(22)-dehydro-19-nor-vitamin D analogs and their pharmaceutical uses.

The natural hormone, 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D₃ and its analog in ergosterol series, i.e. 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D₂ are known to be highly potent regulators of calcium homeostasis in animals and humans, and their activity in cellular differentiation has also been established, Ostrem et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 84, 2610 (1987). Many structural analogs of these metabolites have been prepared and tested, including 1α-hydroxyvitamin D₃, 1α-hydroxyvitamin D₂, various side chain homologated vitamins and fluorinated analogs. Some of these compounds exhibit an interesting separation of activities in cell differentiation and calcium regulation. This difference in activity may be useful in the treatment of a variety of diseases such as renal osteodystrophy, vitamin D-resistant rickets, osteoporosis, psoriasis, and certain malignancies.

Another class of vitamin D analogs, i.e. the so called 19-nor-vitamin D compounds, is characterized by the replacement of the A-ring exocyclic methylene group (carbon 19), typical of the vitamin D system, by two hydrogen atoms. Biological testing of such 19-nor-analogs (e.g., 1α,25-dihydroxy-19-nor-vitamin D₃) revealed a selective activity profile with high potency in inducing cellular differentiation, and very low calcium mobilizing activity. Thus, these compounds are potentially useful as therapeutic agents for the treatment of malignancies, or the treatment of various skin disorders. Two different methods of synthesis of such 19-nor-vitamin D analogs have been described (Perlman et al., Tetrahedron Lett. 31, 1823 (1990); Perlman et al., Tetrahedron Lett. 32, 7663 (1991), and DeLuca et al., U.S. Pat. No. 5,086,191).

In U.S. Pat. No. 4,666,634, 2β-hydroxy and alkoxy (e.g., ED-71) analogs of 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D₃ have been described and examined by Chugai group as potential drugs for osteoporosis and as antitumor agents. See also Okano et al., Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 163, 1444 (1989). Other 2-substituted (with hydroxyalkyl, e.g., ED-120, and fluoroalkyl groups) A-ring analogs of 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D₃ have also been prepared and tested (Miyamoto et al., Chem. Pharm. Bull. 41, 1111 (1993); Nishii et al., Osteoporosis Int. Suppl. 1, 190 (1993); Posner et al., J. Org. Chem. 59, 7855 (1994), and J. Org. Chem. 60, 4617 (1995)).

2-substituted analogs of 1α,25-dihydroxy-19-nor-vitamin D₃ have also been synthesized, i.e. compounds substituted at 2-position with hydroxy or alkoxy groups (DeLuca et al., U.S. Pat. No. 5,536,713), with 2-alkyl groups (DeLuca et al U.S. Pat. No. 5,945,410), and with 2-alkylidene groups (DeLuca et al U.S. Pat. No. 5,843,928), which exhibit interesting and selective activity profiles. All these studies indicate that binding sites in vitamin D receptors can accommodate different substituents at C-2 in the synthesized vitamin D analogs.

In a continuing effort to explore the 19-nor class of pharmacologically important vitamin D compounds, analogs which are characterized by the presence of a methylene substituent at carbon 2 (C-2), a hydroxyl group at carbon 1 (C-1), and a shortened side chain attached to carbon 20 (C-20) have also been synthesized and tested. 1α-hydroxy-2-methylene-19-nor-pregnacalciferol is described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,566,352 while 1α-hydroxy-2-methylene-19-nor-homopregnacalciferol is described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,579,861 and 1α-hydroxy-2-methylene-19-nor-bishomopregnacalciferol is described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,627,622. All three of these compounds have relatively high binding activity to vitamin D receptors and relatively high cell differentiation activity, but little if any calcemic activity as compared to 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D₃. Their biological activities make these compounds excellent candidates for a variety of pharmaceutical uses, as set forth in the '352, '861 and '622 patents.

17-ene vitamin D compounds as well as vitamin D compounds having a double bond in the side chain thereof are also known, and have been proposed for various pharmacological uses. Bone diseases such as osteoporosis, skin disorders such as psoriasis, cancers such as leukemia and cosmetic conditions such as wrinkles are just some of the applications proposed for such compounds. 17-ene compounds are described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,545,633; 5,929,056 and 6,399,797 while 2-alkylidene compounds having a side chain with a double bond therein are described in, for example, U.S. Pat. No. 5,843,928.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present invention is directed toward 2-methylene-(20E)-20(22)-dehydro-19-nor-vitamin D analogs, their biological activity, and various pharmaceutical uses for these compounds. These new vitamin D compounds not known heretofore are the 19-nor-vitamin D analogs having a methylene group at the 2-position (C-2), and a double bond located between carbon atoms 20 and 22 in the side chain. The preferred vitamin D analog is 2-methylene-(20E)-20(22)-dehydro-19-nor-1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D₃ (hereinafter referred to as “Vit III 20-22E”).

Structurally these 2-methylene-(20E)-20(22)-dehydro-19-nor-vitamin D analogs are characterized by the general formula I shown below:

where X₁, X₂ and X₃, which may be the same or different, are each selected from hydrogen or a hydroxy-protecting group. The preferred analog is 2-methylene-(20E)-20(22)-dehydro-19-nor-1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D₃ which has the following formula Ia:

The above compounds I, particularly Ia, exhibit a desired, and highly advantageous, pattern of biological activity. These compounds are characterized by relatively high binding to vitamin D receptors, which is about equal to that of the native hormone 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D₃. These compounds also have the ability to promote intestinal calcium transport in vivo, in a dose dependent manner, and they would be classified as having about the same or equal intestinal calcium transport activity, as compared to that of 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D₃. These compounds I, and particularly Ia, also have some ability to mobilize calcium from bone, and they would be classified as having lower bone calcium mobilizing activity as compared to 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D₃. It is undesirable to raise serum calcium to supraphysiologic levels when suppressing the preproparathyroid hormone gene (Darwish & DeLuca, Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 365, 123-130, 1999) and parathyroid gland proliferation. These analogs having relatively low bone calcium mobilization activity while very active on cell differentiation are expected to be useful as a therapy for suppression of secondary hyperparathyroidism of renal osteodystrophy.

The compounds I, particularly Ia, of the invention have also been discovered to be especially suited for treatment and prophylaxis of human disorders which are characterized by an imbalance in the immune system, e.g. in autoimmune diseases, including multiple sclerosis, lupus, diabetes mellitus, host versus graft rejection, and rejection of organ transplants; and additionally for the treatment of inflammatory diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis, asthma, and inflammatory bowel diseases such as celiac disease, ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease. Acne, alopecia and hypertension are other conditions which may be treated with the compounds of the invention.

The above compounds I, and particularly Ia, are also characterized by relatively high cell differentiation activity and in promoting transcription. Thus, these compounds also provide a therapeutic agent for the treatment of psoriasis, or as an anti-cancer agent, especially against leukemia, colon cancer, breast cancer, skin cancer and prostate cancer. In addition, due to their relatively high cell differentiation activity, these compounds provide a therapeutic agent for the treatment of various skin conditions including wrinkles, lack of adequate dermal hydration, i.e. dry skin, lack of adequate skin firmness, i.e. slack skin, and insufficient sebum secretion. Use of these compounds thus not only results in moisturizing of skin but also improves the barrier function of skin.

The compounds of the invention of formula I, and particularly formula Ia, are also useful in preventing or treating obesity, inhibiting adipocyte differentiation, inhibiting SCD-1 gene transcription, and/or reducing body fat in animal subjects. Therefore, in some embodiments, a method of preventing or treating obesity, inhibiting adipocyte differentiation, inhibiting SCD-1 gene transcription, and/or reducing body fat in an animal subject includes administering to the animal subject, an effective amount of one or more of the compounds or a pharmaceutical composition that includes one or more of the compounds of formula I. Administration of one or more of the compounds or the pharmaceutical compositions to the subject inhibits adipocyte differentiation, inhibits gene transcription, and/or reduces body fat in the animal subject.

One or more of the compounds may be present in a composition to treat the above-noted diseases and disorders in an amount from about 0.01 μg/gm to about 1000 μg/gm of the composition, preferably from about 0.1 μg/gm to about 500 μg/gm of the composition, and may be administered topically, transdermally, orally, rectally, nasally, sublingually or parenterally in dosages of from about 0.01 μg/day to about 1000 μg/day, preferably from about 0.1 μg/day to about 500 μg/day.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

In the drawings:

FIGS. 1-5 illustrate various biological activities of 2-methylene-(20E)-20(22)-dehydro-19-nor-1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D₃, hereinafter referred to as “Vit III 20-22E,” as compared to the native hormone 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D₃, hereinafter “1,25(OH)₂D₃.”

FIG. 1 is a graph illustrating the relative activity of Vit III 20-22E and 1,25(OH)₂D₃ to compete for binding with [³H]-1,25-(OH)₂-D₃ to the full-length recombinant rat vitamin D receptor;

FIG. 2 is a graph illustrating the percent HL-60 cell differentiation as a function of the concentration of Vit III 20-22E and 1,25(OH)₂D₃;

FIG. 3 is a graph illustrating the in vitro transcription activity of 1,25(OH)₂D₃ as compared to Vit III 20-22E;

FIG. 4 is a graph illustrating the bone calcium mobilization activity of 1,25(OH)₂D₃ as compared to Vit III 20-22E; and;

FIG. 5 is a graph illustrating the intestinal calcium transport activity of 1,25(OH)₂D₃ as compared to Vit III 20-22E.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

2-methylene-(20E)-20(22)-dehydro-19-nor-1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D₃ (referred to herein as “Vit III 20-22E”) a 19-nor vitamin D analog which is characterized by the presence of a methylene substituent at the carbon 2 (C-2), and a double bond located between carbon atom positions 20 and 22 in the side chain, was synthesized and tested. Such vitamin D analog seemed an interesting target because the relatively small methylene group at the C-2 position should not interfere with binding to the vitamin D receptor. Structurally, this 19-nor analog is characterized by the general formula Ia previously illustrated herein, and its pro-drug (in protected hydroxy form) is characterized by general formula I previously illustrated herein.

The preparation of 2-methylene-(20E)-20(22)-dehydro-19-nor-vitamin D analogs having the structure I can be accomplished by a common general method, i.e. the condensation of a bicyclic Windaus-Grundmann type ketone II with the allylic phosphine oxide III to the corresponding 2-methylene- 19-nor-vitamin D analog IV followed by deprotection at C-1 and C-3 in the latter compound (see Scheme IV herein):

In the structures II, III and IV, groups X₁, X₂ and X₃ are hydroxy-protecting groups, preferably t-butyldimethylsilyl, it being also understood that any functionalities that might be sensitive, or that interfere with the condensation reaction, be suitably protected as is well-known in the art. The process shown above represents an application of the convergent synthesis concept, which has been applied effectively for the preparation of vitamin D compounds [e.g. Lythgoe et al., J. Chem. Soc. Perkin Trans. I, 590 (1978); Lythgoe, Chem. Soc. Rev. 9, 449 (1983); Toh et al., J. Org. Chem. 48, 1414 (1983); Baggiolini et al., J. Org. Chem. 51, 3098 (1986); Sardina et al., J. Org. Chem. 51, 1264 (1986); J. Org. Chem. 51, 1269 (1986); DeLuca et al., U.S. Pat. No. 5,086,191; DeLuca et al., U.S. Pat. No. 5,536,713].

The hydrindanone of the general structure II is not known. It can be prepared by the method shown in Schemes I, II and III herein (see the preparation of compound Vit III 20-22E).

For the preparation of the required phosphine oxides of general structure III, a synthetic route has been developed starting from a methyl quinicate derivative which is easily obtained from commercial (1R,3R,4S,5R)-(−)-quinic acid as described by Perlman et al., Tetrahedron Lett. 32, 7663 (1991) and DeLuca et al., U.S. Pat. No. 5,086,191.

The overall process of the synthesis of compounds I and Ia is illustrated and described more completely in U.S. Pat. No. 5,843,928 entitled “2-Alkylidene-19-Nor-Vitamin D Compounds” the specification of which is specifically incorporated herein by reference.

As used in the description and in the claims, the term “hydroxy-protecting group” signifies any group commonly used for the temporary protection of hydroxy functions, such as for example, alkoxycarbonyl, acyl, alkylsilyl or alkylarylsilyl groups (hereinafter referred to simply as “silyl” groups), and alkoxyalkyl groups. Alkoxycarbonyl protecting groups are alkyl-O—CO— groupings such as methoxycarbonyl, ethoxycarbonyl, propoxycarbonyl, isopropoxycarbonyl, butoxycarbonyl, isobutoxycarbonyl, tert-butoxycarbonyl, benzyloxycarbonyl or allyloxycarbonyl. The term “acyl” signifies an alkanoyl group of 1 to 6 carbons, in all of its isomeric forms, or a carboxyalkanoyl group of 1 to 6 carbons, such as an oxalyl, malonyl, succinyl, glutaryl group, or an aromatic acyl group such as benzoyl, or a halo, nitro or alkyl substituted benzoyl group. The word “alkyl” as used in the description or the claims, denotes a straight-chain or branched alkyl radical of 1 to 10 carbons, in all its isomeric forms. Alkoxyalkyl protecting groups are groupings such as methoxymethyl, ethoxymethyl, methoxyethoxymethyl, or tetrahydrofuranyl and tetrahydropyranyl. Preferred silyl-protecting groups are trimethylsilyl, triethylsilyl, t-butyldimethylsilyl, dibutylmethylsilyl, diphenylmethylsilyl, phenyldimethylsilyl, diphenyl-t-butylsilyl and analogous alkylated silyl radicals. The term “aryl” specifies a phenyl-, or an alkyl-, nitro- or halo-substituted phenyl group.

A “protected hydroxy” group is a hydroxy group derivatised or protected by any of the above groups commonly used for the temporary or permanent protection of hydroxy functions, e.g. the silyl, alkoxyalkyl, acyl or alkoxycarbonyl groups, as previously defined. The terms “hydroxyalkyl”, “deuteroalkyl” and “fluoroalkyl” refer to an alkyl radical substituted by one or more hydroxy, deuterium or fluoro groups respectively.

More specifically, reference should be made to the following illustrative example and description as well as to Schemes I, II, III and IV herein for a detailed illustration of the preparation of compound Vit III 20-22E.

In this example specific products identified by Arabic numerals (1, 2, 3) refer to the specific structures so identified in the Schemes I, II, III and IV.

EXAMPLE

Chemistry. Ultraviolet (UV) absorption spectra were recorded with a Hitachi Model 60-100 UV-vis spectrometer in the solvent noted. ¹H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectra were recorded at 500 MHz with a Bruker AM-500 FT spectrometer in deuteriochloroform. Chemical shifts (δ) are reported downfield from internal Me₄Si (δ 0.00). Mass spectra were recorded at 70 eV on a Kratos DS-50 TC instrument equipped with a Kratos MS-55 data system. Samples were introduced into the ion source maintained at 120-250° C. via a direct insertion probe. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was performed on a Waters Associates liquid chromatograph equipped with a Model 6000A solvent delivery system, a Model 6 UK Universal injector, a Model 486 tunable absorbance detector, and a differential R 401 refractometer.

Example 1

Des-A,B-23,24-dinorcholan-8β,22-diol (2). A flame dried 1000 mL two necked flask was charged with ergocalciferol 1 (5 g, 12.6 mmol), pyridine (5 mL), and anhydrous MeOH (400 mL). The solution was cooled to −78° C. in an argon atmosphere. O₃ was bubbled through the solution until a deep blue colour developed and persisted (about 1 h). The solution was treated with O₂ until the blue colour faded (15 min). Then NaBH₄ (1.5 g, 39.7 mmol) was added. After 15 min. second portion of NaBH₄ (1.5 g, 39.7 mmol) was added and the reaction was allowed to warm to rt. Then the third portion of NaBH₄ (1.5 g, 39.7 mmol) was added and reaction stirred for over night. The reaction was quenched by adding water (50 mL). Methanol was evaporated in vaccuo and residue was dissolved in ethyl acetate. The organic phase was washed with 1N aqueous solution of HCl (100 mL), saturated NaHCO₃ solution (100 mL) and brine (100 mL). The organic phase was dried (Na₂SO₄), filtered and evaporated. Purification by silica gel chromatography (25% ethyl acetate/hexane) afforded 2.18 g (10.3 mmol, 81%) of diol 2 as a white solid. Mp 110-111° C.;¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ: 0.96 (3H, s), 1.03 (3H, d, J=6.6 Hz), 3.38 (1H, dd, J=10.5, 6.7 Hz), 3.64 (1H, dd, J=10.5, 3.2 Hz), 4.09 (1H, m); ¹³C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl₃) δ: 69.2, 67.8, 52.9, 52.4, 41.8, 40.2, 38.2, 33.6, 26.6, 22.6, 17.4, 16.6, 13.6; MS m/z (relative intensity): 212 (M⁺, 2), 194 (M⁺-H₂O, 15), 179 (M⁺-H₂O—CH₃, 18), 125 (43), 111 (100); exact mass calculated for C₁₃H₂₂O[M-H₂O]⁺is 194.1671, measured is 194.1665.

Des-A,B-22-(p-toluenesulfonyloxy)-23,24-dinorcholan-8β-ol (3). A solution of diol 2 (1 g, 4.71 mmol) in anhydrous pyridine (12 mL) was cooled to −25° C. and a precooled solution of tosyl chloride (1.08 g, 5.66 mmol) in anhydrous pyridine (2mL) was added dropwise. The reaction mixture was stirred at that temperature for 4 h and allowed to warm to 0° C. and stirred at that temperature for additional 20 h. The mixture was diluted with CH₂Cl₂ (50 mL) and washed with saturated CuSO₄ solution (30 mL), 1N HCl (30 mL), and water (50 mL). The organic phase was dried (NaSO₄), filtered and concentrated. Purification by silica gel chromatography (25% ethyl acetate/hexane) yielded 1.7 g (4.64 mmol, 98%) of hydroxyl tosylate 3. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ: 0.89 (3H, s), 0.96 (3H, d, J=6.6 Hz), 2.45 (3H, s), 3.8 (1H, dd, J=9.2, 6.2 Hz), 3.95 (1H, dd, J=9.2, 3.0 Hz), 4.06 (1H, m), 7.35 (2H, d, J=8.2 Hz), 7.78 (2H, d, J=8.2 Hz); ¹³C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl₃) δ: 144.7, 133.0, 129.8, 127.9, 75.6, 69.0, 60.4, 52.2, 41.9, 40.1, 35.7, 33.5, 26.4, 22.4, 21.6, 17.3, 16.7, 13.4; MS m/z (relative integration): 366 (M⁺, 6), 194(14), 179(16), 125(30), 111(100); exact mass calculated for C₂₀H₃₀SO₄Na(M+Na⁺) is 389.1763, measured is 389.1768.

Des-A,B-8β-[(tert-butyldimethylsilyl)oxy]-22-(p-toluenesulfonyloxy)-23,24-dinorcholane (4). To a 0° C. cooled solution of hydroxyl tosylate 3 (1.5 g, 4.09 mmol) in anhydrous DMF (20 mL) was added 2,6-lutidine (0.580 mL, 0.52 g, 4.92 mmol) followed by TBSOTf (1.1 mL, 1.30 g, 4.92 mmol). The solution was stirred at 0° C. for 15 min and water (10 mL) was added. The mixture was extracted with CH₂Cl₂ (3×40 mL), and combined organic phases were washed with 1N aqueous solution of NaOH (40 mL) dried (Na₂SO₄), filtered and concentrated. The residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography (5% ethyl acetate/hexane) to give 1.94 g (4.04 mmol, 99%) of 4. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ: 0.01 (6H, s), 0.88 (12H, s), 0.96 (3H, d, J=6.8 Hz), 2.45 (3H, s), 3.81 (1H, dd, J=9.2, 6.4 Hz), 3.97 (1H, dd, J=9.7, 3.0 Hz), 3.99 (1H, m), 7.34 (2H, d, J=8.08 Hz), 7.79 (2H, d, J=8.2 Hz). ¹³C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl₃) δ: 114.5, 133.4, 129.8, 127.9, 74.8, 69.3, 52.3, 52.6, 42.2, 40.5, 35.8, 34.4, 26.6, 25.9, 23.0, 21.6, 18.0, 17.6, 16.8, 13.7, −4.8, −5.1.

Des-A,B-8β-[(tert-butyldimethylsilyl)oxy]-23,24-dinorcholan-22-al (5). A solution of 4 (1.9 g, 3.96 mmol) in DMSO (5 mL) was added to a suspension of NaHCO₃ (1.5 g, 17.9 mmol) in DMSO (20 mL) at rt. The mixture was heated to 150° C. under argon for 15 min and cooled to rt. Water (50 mL) followed by ethyl acetate (50 mL) were added and aqueous phase was extracted with ethyl acetate (3×30 mL). The combined organic phases were dried (Na₂SO₄), filtered and concentrated. The residue was purified by column chromatography (2% ethyl acetate/hexane) to afford 0.93 g (2.87 mmol, 73%) of aldehyde 5. H¹ NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ: 0.01 (6H, 2s), 0.89 (9H, s), 0.97 (3H, s), 1.09 (3H, d, J=6.8 Hz), 2.35 (1H, m), 4.03 (1H, m), 9.58 (1H, d, J=3.2 Hz). ¹³C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl₃) δ: 205.2, 69.1, 52.4, 51.8, 49.1, 42.7, 40.5, 30.8, 34.3, 26.2, 25.8, 23.3, 17.6, 14.1, 13.3, −4.7, −5.1.

Des-A,B-8β-[(tert-butyldimethylsilyl)oxy]-pregnan-20-one (6). A flame dried flask was charged with t-BuOK (1.55 g, 13.9 mmol) and anhydrous t-BuOH (30 mL) at room temperature. O₂ was bubbled through the solution for 15 min. A solution of aldehyde 5 (0.9 g, 2.78 mmol) in anhydrous t-BuOH (15 mL) was added to the reaction mixture and O₂ was bubbled through the solution for additional 10 min. The reaction was quenched with water (15 ml) and extracted with ether (3×30 mL). The combined organic phases were dried (Na₂SO₄), filtered and concentrated. The residue was purified by column chromatography (3% ethyl acetate/hexane) to give 0.61 g (1.97 mmol, 71%) of the ketone 6. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ: 0.01 (6H, s), 0.84 (3H, s), 0.87 (9H, s), 2.08 (3H, s), 2.46 (1H, t, J=9.1 Hz), 4.03 (1H, m). ¹³C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl₃) δ: 209.5, 69.0, 64.5, 53.2, 43.7, 39.8, 34.2, 31.6, 25.8, 23.2, 21.8, 17.6, 15.5, −4.8, −5.2.

5-Bromo-2-methyl-2-pentanol (8). To a −20° C. cooled solution of ethyl-4-bromobutyrate 7 (5 g, 25.6 mmol) in anhydrous diethyl ether (50 mL) was added 3M solution of methylmagnesium bromide in diethyl ether (17.1 mL, 6.11 g, 51.3 mmol) under argon atmosphere over a period of 30 min. The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for overnight. Saturated ammonium chloride solution was added to hydrolyse the reaction mixture followed by 1N HCl solution to dissolve the inorganic salts formed. The aqueous phase was extracted with ether (3×50 mL). The combined extracts were washed with water (100 mL), saturated NaCl solution (100 mL), dried (Na₂SO₄), filtered and concentrated. The residue was purified by column chromatography to afford 3.1 g (17.1 mmol, 67%) of tertiary alcohol 8. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ: 1.27 (6H, s), 1.64 (2H, m), 1.96 (2H, m), 3.44 (2H, t, J=6.68 Hz).

5-Bromo-2methyl-2[(tert-butyldimethylsilyl)oxy]-pentane (9). To a −50° C. cooled solution of alcohol 8 (3 g, 16.6 mmol) in anhydrous CH₂Cl₂ (50 mL) was added 2,6-lutidine (2.32 mL, 2.13 g, 19.89 mmol) followed by TBSOTf (4.57 mL, 5.26 g, 19.9 mmol). The solution was stirred at 0° C. for 15 min and water (10 mL) was added. The mixture was extracted with CH₂Cl₂ (3×40 mL), and combined organic phases were washed with 1N aqueous solution of NaOH (40 mL), dried (Na₂SO₄), filtered and concentrated. The residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography (5% ethyl acetate/hexane) to give 3.9 g (13.2 mmol, 80%) of 9. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ: 0.07 (6H, s), 0.85 (9H, s), 1.21 (6H, s), 1.55 (2H, m), 1.95 (2H, m), 3.41 (2H, t, J=6.8 Hz)

Des-A,B-cholest-20(22)-ene-8β,25-diol (14a): A solution of 5-bromo-2methyl-2[(tert-butyldimethylsilyl)oxy]pentane 9 (2.84 g, 9.68 mmol) in anhydrous ether (20 mL, containing catalytic amount of iodine) was added dropwise to a stirred suspension of magnesium powder (0.23 g, 9.68 mmol) in anhydrous diethyl ether (5 mL) at room temperature with occasional warming it up to 35° C. under argon atmosphere. After addition was complete the mixture was stirred for 1 hr at room temperature and for 1 hr at 40° C. Then it was cooled to 0° C. and a solution of ketone 6 (0.6 g, 1.94 mmol) in anhydrous diethyl ether (10 mL) was added dropwise over a period of 30 min. After stirring the reaction mixture at room temperature for 3 h it was hydrolysed with aqueous solution of NH₄Cl (20 mL). The organic layer was separated and aqueous phase was extracted with ethyl acetate (3×30 mL). The combined organic phases were washed with water (40 mL), dried (Na₂SO₄) and evaporated. Column chromatography of the residue gave 0.95 g (94%) of mixture of alcohols 10. Phosphorous oxychloride (3 mL) was added dropwise to a solution of mixture of alcohols 10 (0.95 g, 1.8 mmol) in anhydrous pyridine (20 mL) under argon atmosphere. The reaction was stirred at room temperature overnight and poured into ice-water and extracted with ether (3×20 mL). The organic layer was washed with saturated CuSO₄ solution (30 mL), 1N HCl (30 mL), water (50 mL). The organic phase was dried (NaSO₄), filtered and concentrated. Column Chromatography of crude mixture furnished 0.72 g (78%) of mixture of olefins 11a, 11b, 12a, 12b, 13. The olefin mixture without further purification was dissolved in methanol (20 mL) and p-toluenesulfonic acid monohydrate (p-TSA) (0.100 g) was added at 0° C. The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 3 days [Additional amounts of p-TSA were successively added (100 mg, 24 h; 75 mg, 36 h; 50 mg, 48 h)]. Methanol was evaporated and residue was diluted with ethyl acetate (30 mL). The organic phase was washed with saturated aqueous NaHCO₃ solution (20 mL) water (20 mL), dried (Na₂CO₃) and evaporated. The residue was purified on column chromatography to yield 284 mg of mixture of olefin alcohols.

20(E)-Des-A,B-20(22)-ene-8β,25-diol (14a). The olefin alcohols were separated on HPLC (9.4-mm×25-cm zorbax-sil column, 4 ml/min) using IPA/hexane (4/96) solvent system. Pure diol 20-22E 14a 70 mg (250 μmol, 25%) was eluted at Rv=36 mL. [α]²⁰ _(D)+12.0° (c 0.82, CHCl₃); ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ: 0.78 (3H, s), 1.23 (6H, s), 1.64 (3H, br s), 4.08 (1H, m), 5.19 (1H, t, J=6.92 Hz). ¹³C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl₃) δ: 134.4, 125.7, 71.1, 69.2, 63.6, 59.3, 52.3, 43.7, 42.8, 39.3, 33.7, 29.2, 23.6, 23.1, 22.4, 18.0, 17.5, 14.7. MS m/z (relative intensity): 280 (M⁺, 10), 244 (37), 262 (M-H₂O⁺, 80), 229 (32), 93(100); Exact mass calculated for C₁₈H₃₂O₂Na[M+Na]⁺ is 303.2300, found 303.2289.

20(E)-25-(Triethylsilyloxy)-des-A,B-cholestan-20(22)-ene-8-one (17). To a solution of alcohol 14a (39 mg, 139 μmol) in anhydrous CH₂Cl₂ (5 mL) was added PDC (79 mg, 210 μmol) at rt. After stirring the reaction for 3 h under argon atmosphere the solution was passed through a pad of celite with ethyl acetate. The filtrate was concentrated and applied on a Sep-Pak cartridge and eluted with ethyl acetate/hexane (20/80) to give 38 mg, (136 μmol, 98%) of ketone as colourless oil. To a −50° C. cooled solution of ketone (38 mg, 136 μmol) in anhydrous CH₂Cl₂ (5 mL) was added 2,6-lutidine (32 μL, 29.3 mg, 273 μmol) followed by TESOTf (47 μL, 54.2 mg, 205 μmol). The solution was stirred at −50° C. for 15 min and water (5 mL) was added. The mixture was extracted with CH₂Cl₂ (3×5 mL), and combined organic phases were washed with 1N aqueous solution of NaOH (10 mL) dried (Na₂SO₄), filtered and concentrated. The ketone was purified on HPLC (9.4-mm×25-cm Zorbax-Sil column, 4 ml/min) using 1% Isopropanol/hexane solvent system. Pure ketone 17, 45 mg (115 μmol, 84%) was eluted at R_(v)=24 mL as colorless oil. [α]²⁰ _(D)−53.0 (c 0.51, CHCl₃); ¹H NMR (499.84 MHz, CDCl₃) δ: 0.52 (3H, s), 0.57 (6H, q, J=7.9 Hz), 0.95 (9H, t, J=7.9 Hz), 1.21 (6H, s), 1.65 (3H, br s), 5.24 (1H, t, J=7.0 Hz). ¹³C NMR (125 MHz, CDCl₃) δ: 212.0, 132.8, 127.3, 73.2, 61.3, 59.4, 50.9, 45.0, 41.0, 37.7, 29.8, 24.2, 24.0, 23.1, 19.0, 17.3, 13.4, 7.1, 6.8. MS m/z (relative intensity): No M⁺, 378 (5), 363(8), 260(100), 205((42), 136(67). Exact mass calculated for C₂₄H₄₄O₂SiNa[M+Na]⁺ is 415.3008, found 415.3010.

20(E)-1α,25 Dihydroxy-20(22)-ene-2-methylene-19-norvitamin D₃ (20). To a solution of phosphine oxide 18 (0.050 g, 86 μmol) in anhydrous THF (500 μL) at −25° C. was slowly added PhLi 1.2M in cyclohexane/ether (70/30) (78 μL, 7.9 mg, 95 μmol) under argon with stirring. The solution turned deep orange. The mixture was stirred at that temperature for 20 min and cooled to −78° C. A precooled (−78° C.) solution of ketone 17 (20 mg, 51 μmol) in anhydrous THF (100 μL) was added slowly. The mixture was stirred under argon atmosphere at −78° C. for 3 h and at 0° C. for 18 h. Ethyl acetate was added and organic phase was washed with brine, dried (Na₂SO₄) and evaporated. The residue was applied on a Sep-Pak cartridge, and eluted with 1% ethyl acetate/hexane to give 19-nor protected vitamin derivative 19 (8 mg of unreacted ketone 17 was recovered). The protected vitamin was further purified by HPLC (9.4-mm×25-cm Zorbax-Sil column, 4 ml/min) using hexane/IPA (99.9/0.1) solvent system. Pure compound 19, 8 mg (11 μmol, 21%) was eluted at R_(v)=14 mL as colourless oil. UV (in hexane) λ_(max) 243.7, 252.7, 262.8 nm; ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ: 0.03, 0.05, 0.07, 0.08 (each 3H, each s), 0.42 (3H, s), 0.57 (6H, q, J=8.0 Hz), 0.86 and 0.89 (each 9H, each s), 0.95 (9H, t, J=7.9 Hz), 1.21 (6H, s), 1.64(3H, br s), 2.18 (1H, dd, J=12.6, 8.3 Hz), 2.33 (1H), m) 2.46 (1H, dd, 12.6, 4.6 Hz), 2.53 (1H, dd, 13.3, 5.88 Hz), 2.80 (1H, m), 4.43 (2H, m), 4.93 and 4.97 (1H and 1H, each s), 5.21 (1H, t, J=7.1 Hz), 5.84 and 6.22 (1H and 1H, each d, J=11.2 Hz); MS m/z (relative intensity): No M⁺, 492(37), 366(68), 149(100)

The protected vitamin 19 (8 mg, 11 μmol) was dissolved in anhydrous THF (500 μL) and treated with TBAF (0.106 mL, 27.7 mg, 110 μmol) and stirred at rt in dark for overnight. The solvent was removed in vaccuo and residue was applied on Sep-Pak cartridge, and eluted with 30% ethyl acetate/hexane to get the deprotected vitamin 20. The vitamin was further purified by HPLC (9.4-mm×25-cm Zorbax-Sil column, 3 mL/min) using hexane/IPA (90/10) as solvent system. Pure vitamin 20, 3.3 mg (8 μmol, 75%) was collected at R_(v)=35 mL as white solid: UV (in EtOH) λ_(max) 243.3, 252.2, 261.7 nm; ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ: 0.43 (3H, s), 1.23 (6H, s), 1.65 (3H, br s), 2.29 (1H, dd, J=13.8, 8.48 Hz), 2.33 (1H, dd, J=14.3, 6.1 Hz), 2.57 (1H, dd, J=13.5, 3.8 Hz), 2.82 (1H, dd, J=10.9 and 4.2 Hz), 2.87(1H, dd, J=12.9, 4.44 Hz), 4.49 (2H, m), 5.09 and 5.11 (1H and 1H, each s), 5.23 (1H, t, J=6.9 Hz), 5.89 and 6.36 (1H and 1H, each d, J=11.24 Hz); MS m/z (relative intensity): 414 (M⁺, 100), 396([M-H₂O]⁺, 24), 381([M-H₂O—CH₃]⁺, 7) 285(23), 149(60).

Biological Activity of 2-methylene-(20E)-20(22)-dehydro-19-nor-1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D₃

The introduction of a methylene group to the 2-position, and a double bond between carbon atoms 20 and 22 in the side chain, had little effect on binding of Vit II 20-22E to the full length recombinant rat vitamin D receptor, as compared to 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D₃. The compound Vit III 20-22E bound with the same affinity to the nuclear vitamin D receptor as compared to the standard 1,25-(OH)₂D₃ (FIG. 1). It might be expected from these results that compound Vit III 20-22E would have equivalent biological activity. Surprisingly, however, compound Vit III 20-22E is a highly selective analog with unique biological activity.

FIG. 5 shows that Vit III 20-22E has significant ability to increase intestinal calcium transport activity in vivo, in a dose dependent manner, and it clearly has about the same activity as compared to that of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D₃ (1,25(OH)₂D₃), the natural hormone, in stimulating intestinal calcium transport. Vit III 20-22E stimulated intestinal calcium transport as potently as 1,25(OH)₂D₃.

FIG. 4 demonstrates that Vit III 20-22E has less bone calcium mobilization activity, as compared to 1,25(OH)₂D₃. Although Vit III 20-22E has some bone calcium mobilization activity, it clearly has lower potency in mobilizing calcium from bone as compared to 1,25(OH)₂D₃.

FIGS. 4 and 5 thus illustrate that Vit III 20-22E may be characterized as having relatively significant intestinal calcium transport activity, but relatively low bone calcium mobilization activity.

FIG. 2 illustrates that Vit III 20-22E is about 3 to 4 times more potent than 1,25(OH)₂D₃ on HL-60 cell differentiation, i.e. causing the differentiation of HL-60 cells into monocytes, making it an excellent candidate for the treatment of psoriasis and cancer, especially against leukemia, colon cancer, breast cancer, skin cancer and prostate cancer. In addition, due to its relatively high cell differentiation activity, this compound provides a therapeutic agent for the treatment of various skin conditions including wrinkles, lack of adequate dermal hydration, i.e. dry skin, lack of adequate skin firmness, i.e. slack skin, and insufficient sebum secretion. Use of this compound thus not only results in moisturizing of skin but also improves the barrier function of skin.

FIG. 3 illustrates that in bone cells the compound Vit III 20-22E is one log, i.e. 10 times, more potent than 1,25(OH)₂D₃ in increasing transcription of the 24-hydroxylase gene. This result, together with the cell differentiation activity of FIG. 2, suggests that Vit III 20-22E will be very effective in psoriasis because it has direct cellular activity in causing cell differentiation, gene transcription, and in suppressing cell growth. These data also indicate that Vit III 20-22E may have significant activity as an anti-cancer agent, especially against leukemia, colon cancer, breast cancer, skin cancer and prostate cancer.

The strong activity of Vit III 20-22E on HL-60 differentiation suggests it will be active in suppressing growth of parathyroid glands and in the suppression of the preproparathyroid gene.

Experimental Methods

Vitamin D Receptor Binding

Test Material

Protein Source

Full-length recombinant rat receptor was expressed in E. coli BL21 (DE3) Codon Plus RIL cells and purified to homogeneity using two different column chromatography systems. The first system was a nickel affinity resin that utilizes the C-terminal histidine tag on this protein. The protein that was eluted from this resin was further purified using ion exchange chromatography (S-Sepharose Fast Flow). Aliquots of the purified protein were quick frozen in liquid nitrogen and stored at −80° C. until use. For use in binding assays, the protein was diluted in TEDK₅₀ (50 mM Tris, 1.5 mM EDTA, pH7.4, 5 mM DTT, 150 mM KCl) with 0.1% Chaps detergent. The receptor protein and ligand concentration were optimized such that no more than 20% of the added radiolabeled ligand was bound to the receptor.

Study Drugs

Unlabeled ligands were dissolved in ethanol and the concentrations determined using UV spectrophotometry (1,25(OH)₂D₃: molar extinction coefficient=18,200 and λ_(max)=265 nm; Analogs: molar extinction coefficient=42,000 and λ_(max)=252 nm). Radiolabeled ligand (³H-1,25(OH)₂D₃, ˜159 Ci/mmole) was added in ethanol at a final concentration of 1 nM.

Assay Conditions

Radiolabeled and unlabeled ligands were added to 100 mcl of the diluted protein at a final ethanol concentration of ≦10%, mixed and incubated overnight on ice to reach binding equilibrium. The following day, 100 mcl of hydroxylapatite slurry (50%) was added to each tube and mixed at 10-minute intervals for 30 minutes. The hydroxylapaptite was collected by centrifugation and then washed three times with Tris-EDTA buffer (50 mM Tris, 1.5 mM EDTA, pH 7.4) containing 0.5% Titron X-100. After the final wash, the pellets were transferred to scintillation vials containing 4 ml of Biosafe II scintillation cocktail, mixed and placed in a scintillation counter. Total binding was determined from the tubes containing only radiolabeled ligand.

HL-60 Differentiation

Test Material

Study Drugs

The study drugs were dissolved in ethanol and the concentrations determined using UV spectrophotometry. Serial dilutions were prepared so that a range of drug concentrations could be tested without changing the final concentration of ethanol (≦0.2%) present in the cell cultures.

Cells

Human promyelocytic leukemia (HL60) cells were grown in RPMI-1640 medium containing 10% fetal bovine serum. The cells were incubated at 37° C. in the presence of 5% CO₂.

Assay Conditions

HL60 cells were plated at 1.2×10⁵ cells/ml. Eighteen hours after plating, cells in duplicate were treated with drug. Four days later, the cells were harvested and a nitro blue tetrazolium reduction assay was performed (Collins et al., 1979; J. Exp. Med. 149:969-974). The percentage of differentiated cells was determined by counting a total of 200 cells and recording the number that contained intracellular black-blue formazan deposits. Verification of differentiation to monocytic cells was determined by measuring phagocytic activity (data not shown).

In vitro Transcription Assay

Transcription activity was measured in ROS 17/2.8 (bone) cells that were stably transfected with a 24-hydroxylase (24Ohase) gene promoter upstream of a luciferase reporter gene (Arbour et al., 1998). Cells were given a range of doses. Sixteen hours after dosing the cells were harvested and luciferase activities were measured using a luminometer.

RLU=relative luciferase units.

Intestinal Calcium Transport and Bone Calcium Mobilization

Male, weanling Sprague-Dawley rats were placed on Diet 11 (0.47% Ca) diet +AEK oil for one week followed by Diet 11 (0.02% Ca) +AEK oil for 3 weeks. The rats were then switched to a diet containing 0.47% Ca for one week followed by two weeks on a diet containing 0.02% Ca. Dose administration began during the last week on 0.02% calcium diet. Four consecutive ip doses were given approximately 24 hours apart. Twenty-four hours after the last dose, blood was collected from the severed neck and the concentration of serum calcium determined as a measure of bone calcium mobilization. The first 10 cm of the intestine was also collected for intestinal calcium transport analysis using the everted gut sac method.

Interpretation of Data

Summary of Biological Findings. This compound binds the VDR with the same affinity as the native hormone, and displays approximately 3 to 4 times greater cell differentiation activity and more than 10 times in vitro gene transcription activity compared to 1,25(OH)₂D₃. In vivo this compound exhibits significantly less bone calcium mobilization and about the same intestinal calcium transport activities compared to the native hormone making this compound a potentially valuable agent for the treatment of such diseases as cancer, renal osteodystrophy, autoimmune diseases, skin conditions, and psoriasis. While this compound is more potent compared to 1,25(OH)₂D₃ in vitro, it shows lower activity in vivo on bone calcium mobilization and similar activity in the intestine compared to the native hormone. Vit III 20-22 E remains a potentially valuable compound for therapeutic development as it has lower potency in mobilizing calcium from bone storage, but higher potency in cell differentiation potentially resulting in a compound with a bigger safety window than has previously been generated. Vit III 20-22E might not only be useful in the treatment of the above listed diseases, but also in the prevention of the above listed diseases.

VDR binding HL60 cell differentiation, and transcription activity. Vit III 20-22E (K_(i)=1×10⁻¹⁰M) is equally as active as the natural hormone 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D₃ (K_(i)=1×10⁻¹⁰M) in its ability to compete with [³H]-1,25(OH)₂D₃ for binding to the full-length recombinant rat vitamin D receptor (FIG. 1). Vit III 20-22E displays about 3 to 4 times greater activity (EC₅₀=8×10⁻¹⁰M) in its ability (efficacy or potency) to promote HL-60 cell differentiation as compared to 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D₃ (EC₅₀=2×10⁻⁹M) (See FIG. 2). Also, compound Vit III 20-22E (EC₅₀=2×10⁻¹¹M) has more than 10 times greater transcriptional activity in bone cells than 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D₃ (EC₅₀=2×10⁻¹⁰M) (See FIG. 3). These results suggest that Vit III 20-22E will be very effective in psoriasis because it has direct cellular activity in causing cell differentiation, gene transcription, and in suppressing cell growth. These data also indicate that Vit III 20-22E will have significant activity as an anti-cancer agent, especially against leukemia, colon cancer, breast cancer, skin cancer and prostate cancer, as well as against skin conditions such as dry skin (lack of dermal hydration), undue skin slackness (insufficient skin firmness), insufficient sebum secretion and wrinkles. It would also be expected to be very active in suppressing secondary hyperparathyroidism.

Calcium mobilization from bone and intestinal calcium absorption in vitamin D-deficient animals. Using vitamin D-deficient rats on a low calcium diet (0.02%), the activities of Vit III 20-22E and 1,25(OH)₂D₃ in intestine and bone were tested. As expected, the native hormone (1,25(OH)₂D₃) increased serum calcium levels at all dosages (FIG. 4). The study reported in FIG. 4 shows that Vit III 20-22E has relatively low, or little, activity in mobilizing calcium from bone. It took administration of 780 pmol/day for 4 consecutive days to obtain the same mobilization of bone calcium as the native hormone 1,25(OH)₂D₃ did at only 87 pmol/day, and it was only when the amount of Vit III 20-22E was increased to 7020 pmol/day that any substantial effect was seen.

Intestinal calcium transport was evaluated in the same groups of animals using the everted gut sac method (FIG. 5). These results show that the compound Vit III 20-22E promotes intestinal calcium transport when administered at 260 pmol/day, and its activity is about the same as or equal to 1,25(OH)₂D₃ which also provides a significant increase at the 260 pmol/day dose. Thus, it may be concluded that Vit III 20-22E has similar intestinal calcium transport activity at the recommended lower doses to that of 1,25(OH)₂D₃.

These results illustrate that Vit III 20-22E is an excellent candidate for numerous human therapies as described herein, and that it may be particularly useful in a number of circumstances such as suppression of secondary hyperparathyroidism of renal osteodystrophy, autoimmune diseases, cancer, numerous types of skin conditions, and psoriasis. Vit III 20-22E is an excellent candidate for treating psoriasis because: (1) it has significant VDR binding, transcription activity and cellular differentiation activity; (2) it has little hypercalcemic liability at relatively low doses, unlike 1,25(OH)₂D₃; and (3) it is easily synthesized. Since Vit III 20-22E has significant binding activity to the vitamin D receptor, but has little ability to raise blood serum calcium, it may also be particularly useful for the treatment of secondary hyperparathyroidism of renal osteodystrophy.

These data also indicate that the compound Vit III 20-22E of the invention may be especially suited for treatment and prophylaxis of human disorders which are characterized by an imbalance in the immune system, e.g. in autoimmune diseases, including multiple sclerosis, lupus, diabetes mellitus, host versus graft rejection, and rejection of organ transplants; and additionally for the treatment of inflammatory diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis, asthma, and inflammatory bowel diseases such as celiac disease, ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease. Acne, alopecia and hypertension are other conditions which may be treated with the compound Vit III 20-22E of the invention.

The compounds of the invention of formula I, and particularly formula Ia, are also useful in preventing or treating obesity, inhibiting adipocyte differentiation, inhibiting SCD-1 gene transcription, and/or reducing body fat in animal subjects. Therefore, in some embodiments, a method of preventing or treating obesity, inhibiting adipocyte differentiation, inhibiting SCD-1 gene transcription, and/or reducing body fat in an animal subject includes administering to the animal subject, an effective amount of one or more of the compounds or a pharmaceutical composition that includes one or more of the compounds of formula I. Administration of the compound or the pharmaceutical compositions to the subject inhibits adipocyte differentiation, inhibits gene transcription, and/or reduces body fat in the animal subject. The animal may be a human, a domestic animal such as a dog or a cat, or an agricultural animal, especially those that provide meat for human consumption, such as fowl like chickens, turkeys, pheasant or quail, as well as bovine, ovine, caprine, or porcine animals.

For prevention and/or treatment purposes, the compounds of this invention defined by formula I, particularly Vit III 20-22E, may be formulated for pharmaceutical applications as a solution in innocuous solvents, or as an emulsion, suspension or dispersion in suitable solvents or carriers, or as pills, tablets or capsules, together with solid carriers, according to conventional methods known in the art. Any such formulations may also contain other pharmaceutically-acceptable and non-toxic excipients such as stabilizers, anti-oxidants, binders, coloring agents or emulsifying or taste-modifying agents.

The compounds of formula I and particularly Vit III 20-22E, may be administered orally, topically, parenterally, rectally, nasally, sublingually or transdermally. The compound is advantageously administered by injection or by intravenous infusion or suitable sterile solutions, or in the form of liquid or solid doses via the alimentary canal, or in the form of creams, ointments, patches, or similar vehicles suitable for transdermal applications. A dose of from 0.01 μg to 1000 μg per day of the compounds I, particularly Vit III 20-22E, preferably from about 0.1 μg to about 500 μg per day, is appropriate for prevention and/or treatment purposes, such dose being adjusted according to the disease to be treated, its severity and the response of the subject as is well understood in the art. Since the compound exhibits specificity of action, each may be suitably administered alone, or together with graded doses of another active vitamin D compound—e.g. 1α-hydroxyvitamin D₂ or D₃, or 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D₃—in situations where different degrees of bone mineral mobilization and calcium transport stimulation is found to be advantageous.

Compositions for use in the above-mentioned treatments comprise an effective amount of the compounds I, particularly Vit III 20-22E, as defined by the above formula I and Ia as the active ingredient, and a suitable carrier. An effective amount of such compound for use in accordance with this invention is from about 0.01 μg to about 1000 μg per gm of composition, preferably from about 0.1 μg to about 500 μg per gram of composition, and may be administered topically, transdermally, orally, rectally, nasally, sublingually, or parenterally in dosages of from about 0.01 μg/day to about 1000 μg/day, and preferably from about 0.1 μg/day to about 500 μg/day.

The compounds I, particularly Vit III 20-22E, may be formulated as creams, lotions, ointments, topical patches, pills, capsules or tablets, suppositories, aerosols, or in liquid form as solutions, emulsions, dispersions, or suspensions in pharmaceutically innocuous and acceptable solvent or oils, and such preparations may contain in addition other pharmaceutically innocuous or beneficial components, such as stabilizers, antioxidants, emulsifiers, coloring agents, binders or taste-modifying agents.

The compounds I, particularly Vit III 20-22E, may be advantageously administered in amounts sufficient to effect the differentiation of promyelocytes to normal macrophages. Dosages as described above are suitable, it being understood that the amounts given are to be adjusted in accordance with the severity of the disease, and the condition and response of the subject as is well understood in the art.

The formulations of the present invention comprise an active ingredient in association with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier therefore and optionally other therapeutic ingredients. The carrier must be “acceptable” in the sense of being compatible with the other ingredients of the formulations and not deleterious to the recipient thereof.

Formulations of the present invention suitable for oral administration may be in the form of discrete units as capsules, sachets, tablets or lozenges, each containing a predetermined amount of the active ingredient; in the form of a powder or granules; in the form of a solution or a suspension in an aqueous liquid or non-aqueous liquid; or in the form of an oil-in-water emulsion or a water-in-oil emulsion.

Formulations for rectal administration may be in the form of a suppository incorporating the active ingredient and carrier such as cocoa butter, or in the form of an enema.

Formulations suitable for parenteral administration conveniently comprise a sterile oily or aqueous preparation of the active ingredient which is preferably isotonic with the blood of the recipient.

Formulations suitable for topical administration include liquid or semi-liquid preparations such as liniments, lotions, applicants, oil-in-water or water-in-oil emulsions such as creams, ointments or pastes; or solutions or suspensions such as drops; or as sprays.

For nasal administration, inhalation of powder, self-propelling or spray formulations, dispensed with a spray can, a nebulizer or an atomizer can be used. The formulations, when dispensed, preferably have a particle size in the range of 10 to 100 μ.

The formulations may conveniently be presented in dosage unit form and may be prepared by any of the methods well known in the art of pharmacy. By the term “dosage unit” is meant a unitary, i.e. a single dose which is capable of being administered to a patient as a physically and chemically stable unit dose comprising either the active ingredient as such or a mixture of it with solid or liquid pharmaceutical diluents or carriers. 

1. A compound having the formula:

where X₁, X₂ and X₃, which may be the same or different, are each selected from hydrogen or a hydroxy-protecting group.
 2. The compound of claim 1 wherein X₃ is hydrogen.
 3. The compound of claim 1 wherein X₁ is hydrogen.
 4. The compound of claim 1 wherein X₁, X₂ and X₃ are all t-butyldimethylsilyl.
 5. A pharmaceutical composition containing an effective amount of at least one compound as claimed in claim 1 together with a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient.
 6. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 5 wherein said effective amount comprises from about 0.01 μg to about 1000 μg per gram of composition.
 7. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 5 wherein said effective amount comprises from about 0.1 μg to about 500 μg per gram of composition.
 8. 2-methylene-(20E)-20(22)-dehydro-19-nor-1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D₃ having the formula:


9. A pharmaceutical composition containing an effective amount of 2-methylene-(20E)-20(22)-dehydro-19-nor-1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D₃ together with a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient.
 10. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 9 wherein said effective amount comprises from about 0.01 μg to about 1000 μg per gram of composition.
 11. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 9 wherein said effective amount comprises from about 0.1 μg to about 500 μg per gram of composition.
 12. A method of treating psoriasis comprising administering to a subject with psoriasis an effective amount of a compound having the formula:

where X₁, X₂ and X₃ which may be the same or different, are each selected from hydrogen or a hydroxy-protecting group.
 13. The method of claim 12 wherein the compound is administered orally.
 14. The method of claim 12 wherein the compound is administered parenterally.
 15. The method of claim 12 wherein the compound is administered transdermally.
 16. The method of claim 12 wherein the compound is administered topically.
 17. The method of claim 12 wherein the compound is administered rectally.
 18. The method of claim 12 wherein the compound is administered nasally.
 19. The method of claim 12 wherein the compound is administered sublingually.
 20. The method of claim 12 wherein the compound is administered in a dosage of from about 0.01 μg/day to about 1000 μg/day.
 21. The method of claim 12 wherein the compound is 2-methylene-(20E)-20(22)-dehydro-19-nor-1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D₃ having the formula:


22. A method of treating a disease selected from the group consisting of leukemia, colon cancer, breast cancer, skin cancer or prostate cancer comprising administering to a subject with said disease an effective amount of a compound having the formula:

where X₁, X₂ and X₃ which may be the same or different, are each selected from hydrogen or a hydroxy-protecting group.
 23. The method of claim 22 wherein the compound is administered orally.
 24. The method of claim 22 wherein the compound is administered parenterally.
 25. The method of claim 22 wherein the compound is administered transdermally.
 26. The method of claim 22 wherein the compound is administered rectally.
 27. The method of claim 22 wherein the compound is administered nasally.
 28. The method of claim 22 wherein the compound is administered sublingually.
 29. The method of claim 22 wherein the compound is administered in a dosage of from about 0.01 μg/day to about 1000 μg/day.
 30. The method of claim 22 wherein the compound is 2-methylene-(20E)-20(22)-dehydro-19-nor-1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D₃ having the formula:


31. A method of treating an autoimmune disease selected from the group consisting of multiple sclerosis, lupus, diabetes mellitus, host versus graft rejection, and rejection of organ transplants, comprising administering to a subject with said disease an effective amount of a compound having the formula:

where X₁, X₂ and X₃ which may be the same or different, are each selected from hydrogen or a hydroxy-protecting group.
 32. The method of claim 31 wherein the compound is administered orally.
 33. The method of claim 31 wherein the compound is administered parenterally.
 34. The method of claim 31 wherein the compound is administered transdermally.
 35. The method of claim 31 wherein the compound is administered rectally
 36. The method of claim 31 wherein the compound is administered nasally.
 37. The method of claim 31 wherein the compound is administered sublingually.
 38. The method of claim 31 wherein the compound is administered in a dosage of from about 0.01 μg/day to about 1000 μg/day.
 39. The method of claim 31 wherein the compound is 2-methylene-(20E)-20(22)-dehydro-19-nor-1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D₃ having the formula:


40. A method of treating an inflammatory disease selected from the group consisting of rheumatoid arthritis, asthma, and inflammatory bowel diseases, comprising administering to a subject with said disease an effective amount of a compound having the formula:

where X₁, X₂ and X₃, which may be the same or different, are each selected from hydrogen or a hydroxy-protecting group.
 41. The method of claim 40 wherein the compound is administered orally.
 42. The method of claim 40 wherein the compound is administered parenterally.
 43. The method of claim 40 wherein the compound is administered transdermally.
 44. The method of claim 40 wherein the compound is administered rectally.
 45. The method of claim 40 wherein the compound is administered nasally.
 46. The method of claim 40 wherein the compound is administered sublingually.
 47. The method of claim 40 wherein the compound is administered in a dosage of from about 0.01 μg/day to about 1000 μg/day.
 48. The method of claim 40 wherein the compound is 2-methylene-(20E)-20(22)-dehydro-19-nor-1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D₃ having the formula:


49. A method of treating a skin condition selected from the group consisting of wrinkles, lack of adequate skin firmness, lack of adequate dermal hydration and insufficient sebum secretion which comprises administering to a subject with said skin condition an effective amount of a compound having the formula:

where X₁, X₂ and X₃ which may be the same or different, are each selected from hydrogen or a hydroxy-protecting group.
 50. The method of claim 49 wherein the compound is administered orally.
 51. The method of claim 49 wherein the compound is administered parenterally.
 52. The method of claim 49 wherein the compound is administered transdermally.
 53. The method of claim 49 wherein the compound is administered topically.
 54. The method of claim 49 wherein the compound is administered rectally.
 55. The method of claim 49 wherein the compound is administered nasally.
 56. The method of claim 49 wherein the compound is administered sublingually.
 57. The method of claim 49 wherein the compound is administered in a dosage of from about 0.01 μg/day to about 1000 μg/day.
 58. The method of claim 49 wherein the compound is 2-methylene-(20E)-20(22)-dehydro-19-nor-1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D₃ having the formula:


59. A method of treating renal osteodystrophy comprising administering to a subject with renal osteodystrophy an effective amount of a compound having the formula:

where X₁, X₂ and X₃, which may be the same or different, are each selected from hydrogen or a hydroxy-protecting group.
 60. The method of claim 59 wherein the compound is administered orally.
 61. The method of claim 59 wherein the compound is administered parenterally.
 62. The method of claim 59 wherein the compound is administered transdermally.
 63. The method of claim 59 wherein the compound is administered rectally.
 64. The method of claim 59 wherein the compound is administered nasally.
 65. The method of claim 59 wherein the compound is administered sublingually.
 66. The method of claim 59 wherein the compound is administered in a dosage of from about 0.01 μg/day to about 1000 μg/day.
 67. The method of claim 59 wherein the compound is 2-methylene-(20E)-20(22)-dehydro-19-nor-1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D₃ having the formula:


68. A method of treating obesity of an animal, inhibiting adipocyte differentiation, inhibiting SCD-1 gene transcription, and/or reducing body fat in an animal comprising administering to an animal in need thereof an effective amount of a compound having the formula:

where X₁, X₂ and X₃, which may be the same or different, are each selected from hydrogen or a hydroxy-protecting group.
 69. The method of claim 68 wherein the compound is administered orally.
 70. The method of claim 68 wherein the compound is administered parenterally.
 71. The method of claim 68 wherein the compound is administered transdermally.
 72. The method of claim 68 wherein the compound is administered rectally.
 73. The method of claim 68 wherein the compound is administered nasally.
 74. The method of claim 68 wherein the compound is administered sublingually.
 75. The method of claim 68 wherein the compound is administered in a dosage of from about 0.01 μg/day to about 1000 μg/day.
 76. The method of claim 68 wherein the compound is 2-methylene-(20E)-20(22)-dehydro-19-nor-1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D₃ having the formula:


77. The method of claim 68 wherein the animal is a human.
 78. The method of claim 68 wherein the animal is a domestic animal.
 79. The method of claim 68 wherein the animal is an agricultural animal. 